Why tension between india and pakistan

Pakistan supported the movement, calling for the issue to be resolved by the United Nations. India called for Pakistan to end cross-border terrorism. Since , several new radical Islamist groups have emerged, shifting the movement from a nationalistic and secularist one to an Islamic one. The insurgency has continued until present day. May India and Pakistan both conducted nuclear tests.

In response, Pakistan conducted six tests. The international community condemned India and Pakistan for the testing, and urged the two nations to stop their nuclear weapons programs. May India adopted a No First Use NFU policy, meaning the state would not use nuclear weapons unless it was attacked with a nuclear weapon first. Despite questions around the policy , India remains faithful to the NFU doctrine. May After nearly 30 years, India launched air strikes against Pakistani-backed forces that had entered Indian-administered Kashmir.

At least 38, people fled their homes on the Pakistani side of the Line of Control. December Five armed terrorists entered the Indian Parliament building and opened fire, killing nine people. India blamed Pakistani-backed Kashmiri militants for the attack, which led to a massive buildup of troops along with Indo-Pakistani border.

February Blasts in two coaches of the Samjhauta Express killed 68 people , most of them Pakistani nationals. War is still not in the cards, but the growing tension adds to the Relations with Sunni Kashmiris have increasingly frayed, however, and Prime Minister Narendra Modi has begun to shift its policy radically.

India has ended The situation there deserves even more attention since the region is at The changes are causing tension with its old ally Iran, however, which New Delhi still needs to keep Pakistan in check. This balancing act will only India looks inward on trade.

Prince Michael on global power shifts and defense cooperation. Why India needs to reform its defence industry. Key global energy facts. India's economy. More Disruptions. Expanding state A trend toward increased government influence in economies and personal life is curbing growth, and freedom, in many Western countries.

The outsized role of government results in misplaced incentives, overregulation — which restrains markets and competition — and irresponsible budgetary Middle East politics The region, one of the cradles of civilization, is going through a turbulent period of historic realignment.

Its powers are vying for political, military, economic and religious dominance with local players and outside actors. Armed conflicts, mainly civil wars, are Others have also claimed that the treaty is no longer fit for its purpose as it only covers surface water but not groundwater Jayaram, As an incentive for both states to sign, the World Bank supported both Pakistan and India with aid to build storage and conveyance facilities to provide water supplies that were supposedly lost by the agreement Mustafa, Meanwhile, bilateral talks have fallen into difficulty due to the ongoing Kashmir conflict.

Pakistan has been unable to prevent projects which could threaten its water, energy and internal security. Further, the internationalisation of decisions over dams may have detrimental consequences to principles of local participation.

Current mediation by the World Bank under the IWT has been state-centred rather than pertaining to the inclusion of affected local communities in the decision-making process Akhter, Furthermore, the IWT does not promote collaborative development of the Indus Basin between the two states, and considers neither the effect of climate change on overall water availability nor regional distribution beyond the national level see Kalabagh Dam conflict.

The treaty is increasingly strained as both sides pursue hydro-development projects to mitigate water and energy shortages.

The shortcomings of the IWT arguably highlight the need for the development of international laws to govern transboundary rivers and lakes, comparable to the United Nations Law of the Sea Abas et al. Further, in the context of climate change, arrangements will likely need to take pre-emptive action against natural disasters such as flooding or drought, which are becoming more frequent and intense.

The wider political context also affects water cooperation. This has put the treaty in a fragile position, where it must either be backed up, updated, or provided with a viable alternative to maintain cooperative relations. Improvements in regional cooperation and diplomacy would therefore be possible responses to the conflict. This is unlikely to be possible through the IWT alone, meaning that political structures that address the threat of climate change and potential ecological and economic shocks caused by melting glaciers may play a more vital role in conflict de-escalation.

The IWT established a permanent Indus Commission consisting of representatives from both India and Pakistan to broker any disagreements between the parties.

Pakistan has suggested that the treaty be reviewed because it facilitates exploitation by India. Asia Water. Conflict country. Fragility risks. Conceptual Model. Infrastructure development changes the allocation of water. Freshwater becomes scarce as an essential resource. A slow change in climatic conditions, particularly temperature and precipitation. Increased Water Scarcity Construction of major infrastructure, such as dams, canals or roads.

Infrastructure Development Reduced availability of essential natural resources, such as land and water. Interstate Tensions. Conflict history. Increasing water stress Many communities in the Indus Basin face water scarcity under current usage and storage patterns. Compounding effect of climate change Although water scarcity in the Indus Basin is often attributed to water mismanagement, climate change also plays an important role Diamond, Strains on diplomatic relations Fears of future water shortages due to the construction of dams are causing diplomatic tensions between India and Pakistan.

Opposition to upstream dam projects Over the past two decades Pakistan has launched multiple attempts to prevent India from building dams on both the Chenab and the Neelum rivers see Kishanganga dam conflict. Actors Actor. Government of India. Geographical scale. Government of Pakistan. United Nations UN. Conflict Party. Conflict Resolution Facilitator. Conflict resolution. Outlook The treaty is increasingly strained as both sides pursue hydro-development projects to mitigate water and energy shortages.

Resources and Materials Abas, N. European Journal for Security Research, 4, Akhter, M. Dams as a climate change adaptation strategy: geopolitical implications for Pakistan.